Cold Sores Explained: What They Are, Why They Happen, and How to Heal Faster

What is a cold sore?

A cold sore is a small cluster of painful, fluid-filled blisters that usually appear on or around the lips. They are caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV) and are also known as fever blisters.

Cold sores are extremely common. In fact, most people around the world carry some form of the herpes virus, even if they never develop visible sores.

The first time someone gets a cold sore, symptoms can be more severe, especially in children. After that, the virus stays quietly in the body and may never cause problems again. However, for many people, cold sores come back from time to time.

Where Do Cold Sores Appear?

• Cold sores most often show up on:
• Lips and around the mouth
• Outside of the nose
• Cheeks
• In some cases, they can also appear on the buttocks or spread to other areas if the virus travels.
• Cold Sore Warning Signs and Stages
• Cold sores don’t appear suddenly—they develop in stages:
• Early warning – You may feel tingling, itching, or burning.
• Blister stage – Small blisters form, and the area becomes red and sore.
• Oozing stage – Blisters break open and release fluid.
• Scabbing – A crust forms over the sore.
• Healing – The scab falls off, usually within 1–2 weeks.
• Some people may also experience fever, swollen glands, sore throat, headache, or body aches—especially during the first outbreak.

What Causes Cold Sores?

• Cold sores spread through direct contact with the virus. You can catch HSV by:
• Kissing someone who has the virus
• Sharing utensils, towels, razors, or lip products
• Oral sex

There are two types of HSV:

• HSV-1 usually causes cold sores
• HSV-2 mainly causes genital herpes
• However, both types can infect either area.
• What Triggers a Cold Sore Outbreak?
• Even after the virus is in your body, certain things can “wake it up,” such as:
• Stress
• Fever or illness
• Tiredness
• Sun exposure or sunburn
• Hormonal changes (like periods)
• Dental or cosmetic procedures

How Are Cold Sores Treated?

• There’s no cure for cold sores, but they usually heal on their own in about two weeks. Treatment can help reduce pain and speed up healing.
• Doctors may recommend:
• Antiviral creams or ointments
• Antiviral pills (more effective when taken early)
• Pain-relief medicines
• At home, you can ease discomfort by:
• Applying a cold compress
• Using lip balm to prevent cracking
• Taking over-the-counter pain relievers

Can Cold Sores Be Dangerous?

Cold sores are usually harmless, but complications can happen if the virus spreads—especially in people with weak immune systems. In rare cases, HSV can affect the eyes, fingers, or even the brain, which requires immediate medical care.

How to Prevent Cold Sores and Stop Them From Spreading

To avoid outbreaks:

• Get enough sleep
• Manage stress
• Use lip balm with SPF

To protect others:

• Don’t kiss anyone during an outbreak
• Don’t share personal items
• Avoid oral sex when sores are present