Experts Warn of Rising Guillain-Barré Syndrome Cases, Stress Early Detection and Hygiene

New Delhi: Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS), a rare but serious autoimmune disorder, is gaining attention as cases rise. The condition occurs when the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks its own peripheral nerves, often following infections.

This can lead to severe complications, including paralysis and respiratory failure. Experts highlight the importance of early detection, advanced treatment options, and preventive measures to improve patient outcomes.

Dr. Praveen Gupta, Principal Director & Chief of Neurology at Fortis Hospital, explained the disease’s progression, stating, “GBS occurs when antibodies, created to fight bacterial or viral infections like Campylobacter jejuni or respiratory infections, cross-react with the peripheral nerves. This leads to ascending paralysis, starting in the legs and moving upward. In severe cases, patients may lose the ability to breathe due to thoracic muscle weakness and require ventilatory support.”

Timely medical intervention is crucial, as treatments such as intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and plasma exchange have significantly improved outcomes. However, early recognition of symptoms remains key to managing the disease effectively.

Early symptoms of GBS often include leg weakness that gradually spreads upward. Dr. Bhargavi Ramanujam, Senior Consultant in Neurology at PSRI Hospital, noted, “GBS typically starts with weakness in the legs, spreading upward. This may be accompanied by slight sensory loss, difficulty passing urine, or fluctuating blood pressure. Weakness in facial muscles can cause drooling, further signaling the onset of this serious condition.”

Experts emphasize that seeking medical attention within the first two weeks of symptom onset can significantly improve the prognosis. While GBS does not progress beyond this period, delayed treatment may lead to severe complications, including respiratory failure that could necessitate life-saving interventions such as tracheostomy or prolonged ventilation.

Many cases of GBS are linked to common bacterial and viral infections, with Campylobacter jejuni being the most common trigger. Dr. Vijay Sharma, Associate Director and Head of Pediatric Neurology at Asian Hospital, explained, “The immune system’s misidentification of nerve cells as foreign invaders, often following infections, leads to nerve damage. Preventing infections by maintaining personal hygiene, consuming clean water, and practicing safe food handling can reduce the risk of GBS.”

Experts stress that community-wide efforts to improve sanitation and access to clean water can play a vital role in reducing the incidence of GBS linked to waterborne bacterial infections.

GBS can sometimes lead to life-threatening complications. Dr. Rajas Deshpande, Consultant and Director of Neurology at Jupiter Hospital, warned, “Severe GBS can lead to dangerous complications like respiratory failure, blood pressure fluctuations, arrhythmias, and difficulty swallowing. Such patients often require ventilatory support, tube feeding, and intensive monitoring in the ICU. Prolonged immobility also raises the risk of infections and blood clots, making multidisciplinary care essential.”

Recovery from GBS can be a prolonged and demanding process. Dr. Madhukar Bharadwaj, Director & Head of Neurology at Aakash Healthcare, emphasized the importance of early treatment and rehabilitation, stating, “Recovery depends on when treatment is initiated. For early cases without respiratory involvement, the chances of full recovery are high. Nerve healing occurs slowly, at a rate of about one millimeter per day, requiring months of aggressive physiotherapy. Patients with delayed treatment or severe cases may face long-term paralysis or require home ventilation.”

While the recovery process varies from patient to patient, studies suggest that around 70% of individuals recover well with proper treatment and rehabilitation. However, some may experience residual weakness or fatigue, highlighting the importance of continued medical support.

Experts agree that advancements in immunomodulatory therapies and supportive care have significantly improved outcomes, even in severe cases. Preventive measures, including proper food hygiene and sanitation, remain essential in reducing infection-related GBS risks. Regular handwashing and avoiding contact with contaminated surfaces are crucial steps in prevention.

Sharing a positive perspective, Dr. Gupta concluded, “In our experience, even individuals who were on ventilators for months have gone on to become independent adults. It’s a testament to the effectiveness of modern treatments and the strength of the human spirit.”

As medical research progresses, improved treatment protocols and rehabilitation techniques continue to offer hope for GBS patients. The emphasis on early detection, hygiene practices, and coordinated care is crucial in managing and overcoming this challenging condition.