Rising Prevalence of Parkinson's Disease in Kolkata: Early Signs, Genetics & Lifestyle Risks - Dr Arindam Ghosh

In the neurology department of Narayana Hospital in Howrah, 65-year-old Mr Ranjan Dutta awaits his consultation. His resting hand tremor—a hallmark symptom of Parkinson’s disease (PD)—prompted him to seek medical advice.

Mr Dutta represents a growing number of individuals in Kolkata confronting this progressive neurological disorder that impairs movement, balance, and cognition.

Increasing Prevalence of Parkinson's Disease in Kolkata

Recent studies indicate a notable rise in PD cases in Kolkata. A community-based study conducted between 2003 and 2007 estimated the prevalence of PD in the city at approximately 45 per 100,000 individuals.

While this figure provides a baseline, neurologists report an upward trend in diagnoses over the past two decades. This increase is attributed to enhanced diagnostic capabilities, improved healthcare access, and heightened public awareness.

Early Detection and Progression of Parkinson's Disease

Most patients seek medical attention upon noticing early symptoms. They usually notice tremors affecting the distal end of the limbs while at rest, or that they have become slow in their movements. It is at this stage that most patients approach a doctor for redressal.

While initial responses to dopaminergic treatments are favourable, the disease's progression varies among individuals. After about 5 to 7 years, the response starts waning. Around the 10-year mark, patients may experience complications like motor fluctuations, frequent falls, and cognitive issues.

Gender and Age Factors of Parkinson's Disease

PD affects men 1.5 times more frequently than women. However, the disease manifests differently across genders. Women are more likely to experience tremors and fluctuating responses to medication, whereas men are more prone to cognitive decline. Additionally, women tend to develop the disease slightly later in life compared to men.

An emerging concern is the diagnosis of Young Onset Parkinson’s Disease (YOPD), which occurs before the age of 40. In Kolkata, approximately 10% of PD patients are under 40, presenting unique challenges as the disease affects individuals in their prime working years.

Genetic factors are more commonly associated with these early cases, necessitating tailored management strategies.

Occupational and Lifestyle Risk Factors of Parkinson's Disease

Certain occupations have been linked to an increased risk of developing PD. Farmers exposed to herbicides and pesticides, welders working with manganese, and professionals in industries such as dry cleaning or carpentry, who handle solvents, may have elevated risks.

Additionally, sedentary lifestyles, unhealthy diets, and alcohol consumption are considered contributory factors.

Comorbid Conditions

PD is often accompanied by other health issues, including depression, sleep disorders, constipation, and dementia.

While some of these comorbidities are directly related to the disease's pathology, others may result from the natural ageing process.

Conclusion

Despite the challenges posed by PD, early detection and a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach to treatment can significantly enhance patients' quality of life.

On this World Parkinson’s Day, healthcare professionals emphasize the importance of recognizing early symptoms, maintaining an active lifestyle, and seeking timely medical intervention.

For individuals like Mr Dutta, proactive management and support offer a pathway to navigating the complexities of Parkinson’s disease with resilience and hope.