Complementary feeding is the important phase when you start introducing solid or semisolid foods to your baby's diet while continuing to breastfeed, usually beginning at six months old. At this stage, breast milk alone can't meet the baby's increasing nutritional needs, so it's essential to provide additional sources of energy, protein, and vital nutrients.
Foods such as cereals, pulses, vegetables, fruits, nuts, and animal products like eggs, fish, and meat become crucial in their diet. Introducing these foods properly ensures your baby gets the necessary nutrients for healthy growth and development, helping to prevent growth faltering and supporting overall well-being.
Why and When to Feed Complementary Foods?
During the first six months of life, exclusive breastfeeding provides all the necessary nutrients for a baby’s growth and development. However, as babies grow, their nutritional needs increase significantly. From six months onward, the volume and nutrient concentrations of breast milk alone become insufficient to meet these demands.
To support optimal growth and development, it is essential to introduce complementary foods starting at six months of age. This phase involves adding semisolid foods to the baby’s diet while continuing breastfeeding. Complementary foods provide the additional calories, proteins, vitamins, and minerals needed for healthy development.
Introducing complementary foods at this stage not only meets the higher energy and nutrient requirements but also aids in developing chewing and swallowing skills. It helps prevent nutritional deficiencies and supports healthy weight gain. Additionally, offering a variety of foods early on helps establish healthy eating habits and preferences.
What Should Be Included in Complementary Foods?
From 6 to 12 months, an infant's daily energy and protein needs are 650-720 Kcal and 9-10.5g, respectively. Since breast milk alone provides only about 500 Kcal and 5g of protein per day, it is insufficient for the infant's optimal growth. Thus, introducing complementary foods is essential to prevent growth faltering.
Complementary foods should be nutrient-dense and cover various food groups to meet these nutritional demands. Cereals and millets are excellent energy sources and should be the diet's foundation. Proteins are vital for growth, and can be provided by oil seeds, nuts, milk, pulses like lentils, chickpeas, kidney beans, and flesh foods such as eggs, fish, and meat from eight months onwards.
Micronutrients, essential for overall health, can be obtained from fresh vegetables, green leafy vegetables (GLVs), and fruits. These should be thoroughly cooked and mashed to ensure they are safe and easy for the infant to digest.
It's important to avoid sugar-sweetened beverages and minimize added sugars and salt in complementary foods to establish healthy eating habits. Instead, focus on offering natural, wholesome foods that meet the child's dietary needs and support their rapid growth and development during this critical period.
How to Introduce Complementary Foods to Infants?
Begin complementary foods at six months with thin but not watery porridge, such as dal gruel. Gradually increase the thickness to a slurry consistency as your baby gets used to the new texture. This gradual transition helps your baby adapt to solid foods without overwhelming their digestive system.
When introducing new foods, do it one at a time and continue feeding each new item for 4–5 consecutive days. This approach helps in identifying any food intolerance or allergy your baby might have. It also allows your baby to develop a taste for each food item.
If your baby initially rejects a specific food, don’t be discouraged. Reintroduce it after a few days, as repeated exposure can increase acceptance. If intolerance or allergy symptoms persist, consult a healthcare professional for guidance.
As your baby grows, gradually increase the consistency of the foods from semisolid to solid. This progression should be accompanied by an increase in the quantity, variety, and frequency of feedings. By offering a wide range of foods, you can ensure your baby receives a balanced diet rich in essential nutrients.
What is the Minimum Acceptable Diet and Dietary Diversity for Infants and Children in India?
A child is considered to have the minimum acceptable diet when, alongside continued breastfeeding, they receive adequate food in terms of both quality and frequency. This ensures that their nutritional needs are met during the crucial early stages of development. Minimum dietary diversity (MDD) is crucial to achieve this balance and is defined by including at least five specific food groups in the daily diet.
Cereals/Millets: These serve as the primary energy source and form the base of the diet.
Pulses/Egg/Meat: These provide essential proteins and other nutrients critical for growth.
Nuts and Oilseeds: These are excellent sources of healthy fats and proteins.
Breast milk/Milk and Milk Products: These continue to supply important nutrients and support overall dietary intake.
Vegetables/Green Leafy Vegetables (GLVs) and Fruits: These are vital for vitamins and minerals necessary for health and development.
Achieving MDD ensures that the child gets a well-rounded intake of essential nutrients. It's also recommended to avoid sugar and limit salt intake to the bare minimum. Excess sugar and salt can lead to unhealthy eating habits and potential health issues. Instead, focus on offering natural, wholesome foods that promote good health.
What is the Minimum Meal Frequency for Infants and Children?
The minimum meal frequency for infants and young children, apart from breastfeeding, varies based on their age and breastfeeding status. Ensuring the right number of meals is crucial for meeting their growing nutritional needs.
For breastfed children aged 6–8 months, it is recommended to provide at least two additional meals per day. At this stage, babies are just starting with complementary foods, and these meals supplement the nutrition provided by breast milk.
For breastfed children aged 9–24 months, the minimum meal frequency increases to at least three times a day. As children grow older and more active, their energy and nutrient requirements rise. Therefore, more frequent meals are necessary to meet these increased demands.
For non-breastfed children aged 6–24 months, the requirement is at least four meals per day in addition to milk. Since these children do not receive breast milk, their primary nutrition comes from complementary foods and other milk sources. Hence, they need more frequent feeding to ensure they get enough calories and nutrients.
Meeting these minimum meal frequencies helps to ensure that children receive adequate nutrition during their rapid growth phases.
Why Are Home-Made Complementary Foods Nutritious?
Home-made complementary foods, prepared using common ingredients, are highly nutritious and easily digestible, making them ideal for infants. These foods often surpass commercially prepared options in terms of nutritional value and safety. By avoiding processed foods high in fats, salt, and sugar (HFSS), such as biscuits and chips, you ensure that your baby consumes wholesome, nutrient-rich meals.
Preparing complementary foods at home allows you to control the ingredients and cooking methods, ensuring that your child receives the essential nutrients for healthy growth and development. This approach supports optimal health and helps establish lifelong healthy eating habits.
Conclusion
Introducing complementary foods is a crucial step in ensuring an infant’s healthy growth and development. By starting at six months and gradually increasing the variety and consistency of foods, parents can meet their child's increasing nutritional needs. Emphasizing home-made, nutrient-dense foods over processed options ensures optimal nutrient intake. Adhering to the recommended meal frequency and dietary diversity fosters healthy eating habits, supporting overall well-being during these formative years.