Why is Atherosclerosis Called the ‘Silent Killer’? Know From the Expert - Dr Saurabh Juneja

Atherosclerosis is a chronic condition where cholesterol, fats, and other substances accumulate on the arterial walls, forming plaques. Over time, these plaques can harden, narrowing the arteries and restricting blood flow.

This disease is also called the ‘Silent Killer’ because it is often difficult to detect in the earlier stages. Atherosclerosis is the primary reason for heart attacks and strokes. If you have a history of any of the following conditions, you might get Atherosclerosis:

• Stroke/Heart Attack previously
• Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)
• Blockages in the carotid arteries (arteries in the neck region)
• Heart-related chest pains (Angina pectoris)

What Causes Atherosclerosis?

1. High Cholesterol: Excessive levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL or "bad cholesterol") can deposit in the artery walls. Over time, this triggers inflammation and plaque formation.

2. High Blood Pressure: Consistently high blood pressure puts extra strain on arterial walls, making them more vulnerable to damage and plaque buildup.

3. Smoking: Chemicals in cigarettes damage the lining of arteries and accelerate the build-up of fatty deposits. Smoking also lowers high-density lipoprotein (HDL or "good cholesterol").

4. Diabetes: High blood sugar levels damage blood vessels and promote inflammation, which accelerates plaque formation.

5. Obesity: Excess body weight is linked to higher levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and blood pressure, all of which contribute to atherosclerosis.

6. Sedentary Lifestyle: Physical inactivity leads to poor circulation, obesity, and higher risks of other contributing factors like hypertension and diabetes.

7. Unhealthy Diet: Diets high in saturated fats, trans fats, and sugars increase cholesterol levels and contribute to arterial damage.

What are the signs that you should watch out for?

While early stages are symptomless, advanced atherosclerosis may give you signs like: Chest pain or angina, shortness of breath, fatigue or weakness in the limbs, and sudden numbness or weakness, often a precursor to a stroke.

What is the treatment for Atherosclerosis?

• Angioplasty: It is a minimally invasive procedure to open arteries that are blocked or have become narrow due to plaque build-up. This procedure eases the flow of blood, relieves chest pain (angina pectoris) and improves the chances of preventing heart attacks.
• Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG): Commonly known as bypass surgery, this procedure reroutes blood flow around blocked coronary arteries using a graft from another part of the body.
• Carotid Endarterectomy: It is a type of surgery that focuses on removing the build-up of plaque from the carotid arteries, particularly in the neck.
• Atherectomy- A minimally invasive procedure that removes plaque from arteries using a specialized catheter.
• Thrombectomy- A procedure to remove clots from arteries, often performed during emergencies to restore blood flow.

All these procedures primarily focus on opening up the arteries, increasing blood flow, and preventing a case of a heart attack.

Atherosclerosis is a progressive condition, but early detection and intervention can significantly reduce its impact. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, and avoiding smoking, is key to preventing the condition.

If you suspect any symptoms or have risk factors, don’t delay it and consult the doctor immediately. Early intervention and proper management are critical to avoiding severe complications and ensuring a healthier life.