World Diabetes Day 2024: Key Steps to Manage and Prevent Diabetes Complications - Dr Lakshmi Nalini Kopalle

Diabetes is a chronic condition affecting millions worldwide. While managing blood sugar is crucial, preventing and detecting complications early is equally important for maintaining quality of life. Let's explore the key complications and how to address them.

Over time, high blood sugar levels can damage various organs, leading to:

1. Heart disease and stroke

2. Kidney disease (diabetic nephropathy)

3. Eye problems (diabetic retinopathy)

4. Nerve damage (neuropathy)

5. Gum disease and dental issues

6. Musculoskeletal issues

These complications develop gradually, often without noticeable symptoms in the early stages. That's why prevention and regular screening are vital.

Prevention Strategies

The good news is that many diabetes complications can be prevented or delayed. Adequate control of blood glucose (Hba1c less than 7%), proper blood pressure management (less than 140/90 mm Hg), maintaining the cholesterol levels within target range remain key for prevention of complications. These important aspects are often mentioned as ABC (A1c, BP, Cholesterol) of diabetes management.

Healthy lifestyle remains key for achieving the treatment targets. Following a balanced diet rich in vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and lean proteins is important.

Regular exercise, aiming for at least 150 minutes of moderate activity per week also needs to be done by all patients with diabetes. Maintain a healthy weight, avoiding alcohol and smoking also help in preventing the complications.

Role of Medications

Medication need to be optimised depending on the risk of various complications. Patients with higher risk of cardiovascular complications or kidney diseases, need to be on medications that reduce the risk.

Two classes of medications used for diabetes (GLP1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors) reduce the risk of cardiovascular and renal complications. Adherence to medications and adjusting the dose at correct intervals in necessary.

Early Detection Through Regular Screenings

Regular check-ups and screenings are crucial for early detection of complications. A comprehensive dilated eye exam can detect early signs of retinopathy and needs to be checked yearly. Urine albumin excretion helps in detection of early kidney disease.

Regular foot checks can identify circulation problems or nerve damage. Regular dental visits help prevent and detect gum disease.

Regular checks of blood pressure, cholesterol, and other cardiovascular risk factors, along with periodic ECG, treadmill test help in early detection of cardiovascular disease.

In patients with existing complications, proper management with involvement of cardiologists, nephrologists, ophthalmologists, and surgeons as per the necessity as a team tend to improve the outcomes.

Living with diabetes requires active participation in your health care. Keep a record of your blood sugar levels, blood pressure, and medication use. Share this information with your healthcare team regularly.

Remember, you're not alone in this journey. Your healthcare team, including your endocrinologist, is there to support you. Don't hesitate to ask questions or seek help when needed.

Early detection can lead to significant improvement in the outcomes in long term. By focusing on prevention and early detection, you can significantly reduce your risk of diabetes complications and maintain a high quality of life. Stay informed, stay proactive, and stay healthy!