Early Vaccination and Screening Hold the Key to Beating Cervical Cancer

Vaccination, regular screening, and early treatment remain the most effective tools in the fight against cervical cancer, a disease that continues to claim the life of one woman every eight minutes in India, health experts have warned.

January is observed globally as Cervical Cancer Awareness Month, highlighting the urgent need to improve awareness, prevention, and early detection of the disease, which remains one of the most common cancers affecting women in the country.

Cervical cancer is primarily caused by infection with the Human Papillomavirus (HPV), a common virus that infects the cervix, the lower part of the uterus. While HPV infection itself does not automatically lead to cancer, persistent infection with high-risk strains can cause abnormal changes in cervical cells, which may progress to cancer if left undetected and untreated.

Experts point out that cervical cancer is largely preventable. Countries with robust vaccination and screening programmes have significantly reduced cervical cancer-related deaths. In contrast, India continues to bear a heavy burden due to low awareness, delayed screening, and limited access to preventive healthcare.

Health specialists emphasise that HPV vaccination is one of the most effective preventive measures available. The vaccine, introduced globally in 2006, is safe and well-tested. Minor side effects, such as pain at the injection site, redness, or a mild fever, may occur, similar to those experienced with other routine vaccinations. Serious side effects are infrequent.

The vaccine is recommended for girls aged 9 to 14 years, who require two doses. Those vaccinated at an older age may need three doses. According to global health guidelines, even a single dose can protect for up to 20 years. Vaccination before the onset of sexual activity offers the highest level of protection.

In addition to vaccination, screening plays a critical role in preventing cervical cancer. Tests such as Pap smears and HPV DNA testing can detect precancerous changes in the cervix years before cancer develops. Since cervical cancer typically takes 15 to 20 years to progress, timely screening provides a valuable opportunity for early intervention.

Maintaining good menstrual hygiene and overall immunity also supports cervical health. In nearly 90 per cent of cases, HPV infections clear on their own within two years without causing harm.

Experts caution that cervical cancer often shows no symptoms in its early stages. When symptoms do appear, the disease is usually advanced. Warning signs may include abnormal vaginal bleeding, bleeding after menopause, excessive white discharge, abdominal pain, or lower back pain. While these symptoms do not always indicate cancer, they should never be ignored and warrant immediate medical consultation.

With increased awareness, vaccination, and regular screening, experts believe cervical cancer can be effectively prevented, saving thousands of lives each year.

With Inputs From IANS