Study Reveals Why Firefighters Have an Increased Risk of Brain Cancer

New Delhi: A recent study has found that firefighters exposed to certain chemical compounds face a higher risk of developing gliomas, the most common type of malignant brain tumor. The findings, published in the peer-reviewed journal CANCER, suggest that firefighters are more likely to have mutations linked to haloalkanes—chemicals found in flame retardants, fire extinguishants, and refrigerants—compared to individuals in other occupations.

Led by Professor Elizabeth B. Claus from the Yale University School of Public Health, the study examined 35 participants, of whom 17 had a history of working as firefighters. Researchers found that these individuals were significantly more likely to exhibit haloalkane-associated mutational signatures, particularly those with longer firefighting careers.

Haloalkanes are known to cause specific gene mutations, forming a distinct mutational signature previously linked to exposure to these chemicals. The study also observed that individuals in other professions, such as car painters and machine maintenance workers, who are also exposed to haloalkanes, showed similar mutational patterns.

While these findings provide strong preliminary evidence, Dr. Claus emphasized the need for further research. “Our study highlights an important occupational hazard, but larger datasets and additional studies across a wider range of professions are required for confirmation,” she stated.

Understanding exposure to such mutational agents is critical for public health strategies aimed at reducing occupational risks and improving workplace safety. Identifying specific chemical hazards could help in developing preventive measures, such as improved protective gear and exposure reduction strategies for firefighters.

Gliomas, which account for approximately 20% of all brain and central nervous system (CNS) tumors, pose a significant health burden due to their aggressive nature. They originate in glial cells, which support neurons, and can lead to severe neurological impairments, affecting motor skills, cognitive function, and even personality.

Although gliomas are considered a rare form of cancer, with an incidence of less than 6 cases per 100,000 people annually, they impact individuals of all age groups, including children and young adults. The study’s findings could contribute to early detection and preventive measures for at-risk occupations.